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Tuesday, October 25, 2022

An Appeal to BSNL Trade Unions

 

An Appeal to BSNL Trade Unions

Respected comrades,

I was one amongst you some years back and an old practitioner of TUM . I may be known to some comrades and not known to many.

I hereby prefer an appeal as I feel the urgency of the situation. The BSNL absorbed Retirees’ Associations are started telling that DOT has taken a policy decision of delinking Pension Revision from the Pay Revision. For me absence of Pay revision for pension revision means ‘no pay revision’ in today’s context.

It seems from the slides of DOT that the Post 2017 pensioners pension will also be settled by means of an open ended notional Pay . This tantamount to say that for changing their pension fixed as per 2nd PRC to 3rd PRC scales, DOT need not to take any Pay Revision as it was done earlier in 2011 order or 2016 order.

DOT is having only Executive scales as mentioned by 3rd PRC/ DPE. If they approve it then they have scales for Executives. We do not know how without any Pay revision to Executives- the one need to be projected by BSNL afresh, DOT selectively approve the scales, date of effect, IDA merger points and any fitment in between zero to 15 percent.

It is up to DOT to settle the issue of pension revision whether taking all these issues or not, as DOT knows better the hindrances than me.



For NE there is no agreement as on date and so no authorized or Wage committee approved scales. Though some pensioners’ associations are demanding and putting forth the NE scales discussed in the wage committee, BSNL needs an agreement to forward the same to DOT. Here also neither BSNL nor DOT can selectively take the pay scales alone from the wage agreement, if at all anything reached. They cannot bring an agreement on pay scales only without taking the overall issue of Pay Revision

If DOT wants the scales of NE for Pension Revision - that is possible only if there is a wage agreement between BSNL management and the recognized Unions.

Recognized Unions are trying their level best in the reconstituted wage committee. The issue may be construction of scales as that of Executives calculated with the scope of 15 percent fitment. BSNL is objecting it on the plea of higher pension contribution to DOT. But in the case of Executives, it has to agree higher contribution as BSNL has no say on it.

If DOT is convinced getting assurance for one time exemption that is exemption to pay enhanced contribution till the date of issuance of DOT’s approval for wage revision or till the effective date of VRS that is up to Jan 2020, then that may cause the burden of BSNL lessened.

The next issue may be regarding the fitment percentage. This I think can be clinched by agreeing by the reverse linkage method. The fitment for wage revision may be as that of the one which DOT prescribes for pensioners for Pension Revision that is in between zero to 15 percent . We can demand quoting pension revision percentage and get the same. This may help us to clinch the issue.

The major issue is how to get exemption for the BSNL for wage revision from the DPE order. DOT takes a shortcut bypassing this ‘seeking exemption’ route for carrying out the task of pension revision. No DPE guidelines are standing as a bar to pension revision of its pensioners to DOT. The only necessity for it is the need  concurrence of DOE of MOF for meeting the further expenditure and approval of cabinet for implementation.

For amendment to 37 sub rule of 2021, for pension fixation on notional pay it needs DOPPW approval and that department is positive for the same.

As I see the things, I feel the task for unions become urgent to clinch the issue of wage agreement and sending the same to DOT as early as possible.

Pressing the DOT to take the issue of wage proposal of Executives to the Cabinet for logical conclusion, simultaneously with the issue of pension revision will solve the issue of interconnected ness ( pre, post, employee) prevailing all along in the last 22 years in the BSNL and even  earlier when we were all Govt employees. Even today the CPC through 7 th CPC maintained the inter connectivity between CG Employees and CG pensioners.

I appeal to the unions to consider my appeal. I always repose my faith on the leaders and in their wisdom. If pay revision is also settled on the analogy of pension revision that will protect the morale and welfare of all.

Sorry to bother you

With all comradely love

R.Pattabiraman

25-10- 2022 12 hrs

 

 

Saturday, October 22, 2022

Pension Revision- DOT Meant What..

 

Pension Revision- DOT Meant What..

It is our bounden duty to go through the available slides of DOT presented to the Association of pensioners during the meeting on Oct 17th 2022. The copy of full presentation of DOT must be obtained and placed in the public sphere to study it better. Let us take the two important slides that have immediate connection with our pension of revision.  One should discern not miss  that the slides carry the mind of DOT.



For pre-2017 pension revision DOT slide says the following:

“Pension of the Pre 1-1-2017 retirees would be fixed by taking half of notional pay, as derived from merging their IDA as on  1-1-2017 with LPD and placing it with the scales of 3rd PRC. It would be ensured that, no notional pay such derived be less than the minimum of the corresponding 3rd PRC scale. It would also be ensured that there be no loss in notional pay on account of bunching of pay”

Here the contention is about zero fitments, though no such word was mentioned in that para but can be easily inferred and the demand is about fitment by some associations for 7th CPC and others for PRC. DOT is categorical that no 15 % fitment is possible and  it was told that it may be in between 0 to 15 %. So neither zero nor 15 it is cleared. This one is connected with PRC only. So the options are 5 and 10 accordingly, if we read between lines.

If all the associations with all vigil move together and press that the fitment which is closer to 15 % that is not less than 10 % then the relief for pensioners will be good though not the  best. It may be nearer to  7th CPC’s 14 plus percent also.

For Post 2017 Pension revision DOT slide says the following:

“ Pension of post 2017 retirees would be fixed by taking half of notional pay as derived from merging their basic pay on 1-1-2017 with IDA on 1-1-2017 and placing it with the scales of  3rd PRC and subsequent updation of such notional pay by way of annual increments/stagnation increments (if any) till one’s retirement. However, it would require relaxation in Rule 37 15 a of CCS PR 2021.

I have given below the relevant sub rules of 37 that is 12 b ,14, 15 a and 26 for our understanding.

Let us take post 2017 slide of DOT. DOT is very clever. It is made as open ended. There is no such provision when this ‘notional ends and actual starts’. For this we have to learn from its 78.2  order dated 18-7-2016. For post 2017 retiree half of notional pay derived from merging, say even merging and fitment ( if fitment is settled) and such derived notional pay on the 3rd PRC scales by way of eligible increments will be taken for his or her pension fixation. Here like the one given to 78.2  %, no ‘actual date of benefit’ is shown. It is left open ended and it may suit DOT. 

Suppose DOT issues pension revision order on 10th  May 2023 ( if earlier happy) in the slide said manner then those retire after that date will also be covered by this order, because they also come under post 2017 retirees. They will not get the actual benefit even after that order issued date say 10th may 2023, (though they may continue after that order date as employees). For employees those who are going to serve beyond the order date , the benefit of  enhancing their pay from 1-1-2017 notionally till 9-5-2023 ( say if order issued on 10th may 2023) and actual from that date is shadowed here. Some may entirely have to go for   the ten years  in notional pay only  (regarding for pension fixation) , if retirement is on dec 2026. This will continue till a change is obtained either thro 4th PRC or thro 8th CPC.

This means no pay revision for them, even though they take 3rd PRC scales. This is the outcome of the so called great delinking.

So now DOT suits its proposal with those demanding benefit for post 2017 retirees from their date of retirement and pre 2017 from the date of 1-1-2017. DOT modified the date of effect as it knows correctly that can be only from 1-1-2017 for both pre and post 2017.

As per 78.2 order of DOT (10-6-2013)  for  post 2017 retirees retired between 1-1-2007 to 9-6-2013 because of notional pay the following impact we found

“..However, these pensioners do not get actual benefit of increase in pay/ pension during the period between 1-1-2007 to 9-6-2013, and they would get increase in the amount of DCRG, leave encashment and commutation of pension on this account”.  This one is not clear in the DOT slide for Post 2017. That is notional pay means no pay arrears but increase of DCRG, leave encashment and commutation. This point also is to be taken care of.

 Summing up the mind of DOT from these proposals:

·        DOT is willing to consider Pension revision without Pay revision

·        Pension revision would as per 3rd PRC

·        Date of Effect as per 3rd PRC that is 1-1-2017

·        IDA merger as per 3rd PRC 119.5 %

·        Fitment neither 0 percent nor 15 %  but in between- if as mentioned by 3rd PRC means then it would be either 5 or 10 %

·        It is 3rd PRC scales linked Pension revision not 3rd PRC  Pay revision linked Pension Revision

·        DOT slide is silent about increased DCRG, Leave encashment and Commutation

·        For this they may have escape gate from the DPE guidelines for 3rd PRC implementation regarding pay revision. But they take its factors like date of effect, merger point, fitment and scales of PRC without allowing Pay revision or seeking exemption  from DPE for BSNL/MTNL Pay revision

For this they seek relaxation of rule 37 15 (the rule is given below) and it seems a sort of concurrence obtained from DOPPW- that pension fixation based on notional pay. This tantamount ‘giving up the right pension /family pension shall be calculated  in the same manner as calculated in the case of a Central Govt servant retiring or dying on the same day. The emoluments or average emoluments for this purpose shall be based on the pay drawn in the PSU as per IDA pattern’.

Com O P Gupta fought a very long drawn struggle to get that explanation appended with the rule 8 of 37 A  the present 15 A of  37  .  We are all enjoyed this rule when we get our pension fixed . But now at the cost employees who are going to continue in BSNL even after if any  Pension Revision order , we are striving our best to get Pension revision in the name of delinking.

I appeal to the recognized Unions that they should be doubly careful by studying the situation and DOT’s mind carefully and clinch the issue of Pay revision as early as they can in the negotiating committee and sending the same to the administrative ministry. Executive scales are based on 15 % and naturally on that standard NE scales need to be constructed and approved. Pressing to seek exemption from DPE for the Pay Revision is the way. Kindly miss not the time.

BSNL may place its hindrances on the plea of increased pension contribution.  If BSNL is exempted to pay the increased contribution from 1-1-2017 to the date of DOT’s approval or from 1-1-2017 to the date of 31-1-2019 ( that is the date of VRS- so that to reduce its burden of paying to some 80000 people more), then the increased pension contribution issue will not be that much a burden to BSNL.

The only best way to all stake holders- pre 2017, post 2017 and employees of BSNL to get some benefit with their interconnectedness is simultaneous pension revision and pay revision. If pension revision alone means, the recognized means may face the wrath of the employees. I am confident that their wisdom will take things in a better way and help them to clinch the issue. The time is ripe to act with all steadfastness.

I wish good luck to both the Associations of Pensioners and TUs of Employees.

Sorry to bother you all. Diwali wishes!

 

Post script

37 of CCS Pension Rules 2021

Sub Rule (12)

A Government servant who has been absorbed as an employee of a public sector undertaking shall be entitled to exercise option either,-

(a) to receive pension or service gratuity, as the case may be, and retirement gratuity from the Government for the service rendered under the Central Government in accordance with rule 44 and rule 45; or

(b) to count the service rendered under the Central Government in that public sector undertaking for pension and gratuity.

Sub Rule (14)

A Government servant who has exercised option under clause (b) of sub-rule (12) and his family shall be eligible for pensionary benefits (including commutation of pension, gratuity, family pension or extra-ordinary pension), on the basis of combined service rendered by the employee in the Government and in the public sector undertaking in accordance with the formula for calculation of such pensionary benefits as may be in force in the Central Government at the time of his retirement from the public sector undertaking or his death

Sub Rule (15)(a)

On retirement from the public sector undertaking or on death of an absorbed employee who has exercised option under clause (b) of sub-rule (12), the amount of pension or family pension shall be calculated in the same manner as calculated in the case of a Central Government servant retiring or dying, on the same day.

Explanation.- The emoluments or average emoluments for this purpose shall be based on the pay drawn in the public sector undertaking as per Industrial Dearness Allowance pattern.

(b) The pensionary benefits of such employee shall be drawn and paid in the manner specified in sub-rule (18) to sub-rule (26).

Sub rule (26)

Nothing contained in sub-rules (18) to (25) shall apply in the case of conversion of the Departments of Telecom Services and Telecom Operations into Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, in which case the pensionary benefits including family pension shall be paid by the Government.

 

78.2 Experience

DOT OM dt 18-7-2016 for BSNL

After employees got 78.2 fitment benefit actual from 10-6-2013, the same was given to pensioners also

4.The issue regarding revision of pension, FP of BSNL IDA Pensioners/Family pensioners who retired prior to 10-6-2013 has been considered by the Govt, and the following has been decided:

a. The pension/FP of BSNL IDA pensioners/family pensioners prior to 1-1-2007, may be revised as on 1-1-2007 notionally with acyual benefit w.e.f 10-06-2013 by adding together

i. existing basic pension/Fp including commuted portion of pension if any

ii. DR IDA @ 78.2 %

iii. Fitment weightage @ 30 % of the existing pension/FP and DR IDA thereon.

The amount so arrived will be regarded as consolidated pension/family pension w.e.f 10-6-2013

 

4.b

The pension/FP of BSNL IDA pensioners/family pensioners, who retired between 1-1-2007 and 9-6-2013, their pay may be revised notionally w.e.f 1-1-2007 by allowing the benefit of merger of 50 % DA/DR with Basic pay/Pension effectively amounting to 78.2 % IDA for the purpose of fitment, and consequential revision of pension on notional pay with actual benefit w.e.f 10-6-2013, at par with the serving employees of BSNL. However, these pensioners do not get actual benefit of increase in pay/ pension during the period between 1-1-2007 to 9-6-2013, and they would get increase in the amount of DCRG, leave encashment and commutation of pension on this account

 

16hrs 22-10-22                          - R. PATTABIRAMAN

Wednesday, October 19, 2022

A Letter to BSNL Pensioners

 

A Letter to BSNL Pensioners

 

Dear pensioners

My respects to all. Hope you are doing well and in good health. As everyone, I was also eagerly waiting for the outcome of DOT's Meeting with Associations regarding pension revision on 17th Oct 2022. I have to salute the leaders for their steadfastness and tireless efforts to bring DOT to the negotiating table.

Leaders  had gone all the way to Delhi, ignoring their age and health issues, their stay comforts and food availability. They had undergone these sufferings only for the sake of lakhs of pensioners waiting for their pension revision for the last many years.



Most of the Associations gone for the negotiation reported us that the outcome was positive to that extent on two major issues- acceptance of delinking from the pay revision   and  DOT is also not for zero percent fitment. On these accounts, all the associations are having near unanimity. I wish every success to the associations for steering the course further.

The difference is on the issue of 7th CPC or 3rd PRC. It is reported that DOT will take care of that including the issue of fitment. If the minutes of the meeting  issued, we can infer the mind of DOT.

I am one amongst the pensioners expecting the benefit. I always appreciate the honest efforts of the leaders of the associations. But when I feel the confusion in the letters or Memo to DOT, I start writing about that not with any ill intention but to enrich the perception and understanding amongst the pensioners in common.

'Interconnectedness' is a very valuable element in human life. Even associations are formed to strengthen this aspect only. After Nakara Supreme court Judgment, this interconnectedness amongst the pensioners was strengthened treating the pensioners as a class.

My appeal is that by ‘this delinking’ the spirit of this interconnectedness existing today amongst the BSNL family should not be disturbed.

There are 3 major categories (Pre 2017, post 2017 pensioners and employees) having their interconnectedness till this date. This was established during the earlier pension revision after the pay revision of the employees in 2007. That pension revision was not automatic as that of Pensioners of Central govt. It was separately pursued and orders issued separately and not along with pay revision. This I agree.

But this para of DOT OM dt 15-3-2011 is showing us the interconnectedness. That is at the behest of wage revision; pension revision was examined and solved.

"2.The matter regarding revision of pension in respect of BSNL IDA Pensioners, who retired from 1-10-2000 to 31-12-2006, pursuant to wage revision in BSNL w.e.f 1-1-2007 had been under consideration of the GOI"

The 9 Associations demanding 7th cpc fitment factor for pre 2017 pensioners in their signed letter on 17-10-2022, placed the last para like this for post 2017 pensioners

“20. For post 2017 retirees, in view of no pay revision, their pension may also be multiplied by the same multiplying factor of 2.515 to avoid any anomaly in pension"

AIBDPA in their memo in para 7  demanded pension revision for 15 % as per 3rd PRC and also delinking from pay revision. In Para 9 they mentioned

“Regarding the possibility of anomaly to the post 2017 retirees, it could be settled by giving the same fitment notionally to them and the financial effect with the drawal of pension.”

They have placed NE pay scales the one  proposed in the NE wage committee constituted by the BSNL- for the consideration of DOT for Pension revision to (NE) pensioners.

I come to know that BDPA and AICGPA also stood for 3rd PRC 15 % fitment

I was informed that AICGPA placed the following specifics in their memo.

“ 3. We pray for 15 percent benefit as recommended by 3rd PRC

4. Minimum revised pension may be equivalent to the 50 percent of the minimum of the respective new scales. This was given in the last 2007 pension revision by DOT

5. As Executives have new scales as that of 3rd PRC,  the new scales for NE need to be evolved for fixing the equivalent minimum”

About post 2017 pensioners AICGPA mentioned

“ 1. The benefit given to pre 2017 pensioners need to be given to to post 2017 pensioners also.

2. The date of effect for the benefit should be the same as that of pre 2017 pensioners.”

Those asking ‘delinking’ are damn sure that there will be no pay revision and so only they are asking for post 2017 pensioners the benefit from a different date. Fortunately the Central Govt pensioners association demanded the same benefit from the same date for post 2017 pensioners. This is possible only when there is pay enhancement on that 1-1-2017 date.

 I do not know why the ‘delinking demanders’ are presuming and announcing ‘no pay revision’ and with what authority they are saying so.  As the old practitioners of TU Movement, we should repose faith on the present TU practitioners- they are also trying their level best to settle the issue of Pay revision, though they supported and placed the demand of ‘delinking’. Let us wish them every success to settle their pay revision on the analogy of Pension revision either simultaneously or one by one thereby establishing the interconnectedness.

7th CPC fitment with delinking or 3rd PRC fitment with delinking in both the methods, the established interconnectedness may be diminished. When we demand Pension revision from 1-1-2017 for pre 2017 pensioners then they may get the benefit from 1-1-2017 if DOT settled the issue.

But for post 2017 pensioners when we start demanding a ‘different’ ‘different’ dates ( as the date of retirement of each is different) then  loss of benefit for them will be there.. We cannot demand pension revision for them from 1-1-2017 because they were not pensioners on that date, but employees. They can get the same benefit of pre 2017 pensioners from the same date 1-1-2017 , if only their pay enhancement from that date is given ( as employees on that date and later pensioners getting the name of post 2017 pensioners).

Different date and postponing their benefit means interconnectedness is disturbed. The ‘post 2017 pensioner’ means a person retiring even upto Dec 2026 and even beyond 2027 till 4th PRC or 8th CPC settled. Each ‘post 2017 pensioner’ will get a different date of benefit if the suggestion of associations is accepted. This may cause considerable loss to them. I wish this confusion need to be addressed by both the leaders and DOT officials.

Regarding ‘NE pay scales’ for Pre 2017 and post 2017 revision, I come to know AIBDPA, BDPA, AICGPA all demanded in that meeting and it seems that they got the reply  that BSNL will be informed accordingly. I wish the recognized Unions of BSNL who are going to the negotiating table may take cognizance of this matter and push pay revision settlement as early as they can. MTNL NE may also get their wage revision committee, I hope shortly for starting negotiation.

This aspect of ‘NE Pay scales’ is important for Pension revision to get the minimum pension above the said minimum of Rs 9000. I hope this aspect also will be taken care of.

Let us hope for the best to establish the interconnectedness in order to avoid getting benefit at the cost of post 2017 pensioners.

12.30 hrs  19-10-2022                                            Affectionately yours                                                                                                             R.Pattabiraman

 

Sunday, October 16, 2022

Dr.роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой் - com ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЪрои்родிрок்рокு

 

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роЪோро╡ிропрод்родிрой் роЪாродройைроХро│் роХுро▒ிрод்родு роЗрои்родிропро░்роХро│் роЕро▒ிрои்родுроХொрог்роЯு ро╡ро░ுроХிрой்ро▒ройро░். рокро▓ роЪோро╡ிропрод் рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│் ро╡рои்родு рокோропுро│்ро│ройро░். роОроЩ்роХро│் роиாроЯு рокро▓ роиெро░ுроХ்роХроЯிроХро│ை роЪрои்родிрод்родு рокோроп்роХ்роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роЗрой்ройுроо் роЪுро░рог்роЯро▓் роиிро▓ро╡ுроХிро▒родு. роЕрои்роиிроп рооேро▓ாродிроХ்роХроо் роЗрой்ройுроо் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роорой்ройро░் роЖроЯ்роЪி рокிро░роЪ்ройைропுро│்ро│родு. роиிро▓рок்рокிро░рокுроХ்роХро│் рокிро░роЪ்ройைропை роЪрооாро│ிрок்рокோроо் роОрой роироо்рокுроХிро▒ோроо் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் родூродро░் роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой்.

роиீроЩ்роХро│் ро╡ெро▒்ро▒ிропроЯைрои்родாро▓் рооிроХро╡ுроо் роиро▓்ро▓родு роОрой்ро▒ாро░் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой்.

роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой் роЗрои்родிропாро╡ிро▓் роироЯрои்род родேро░்родро▓்рокро▒்ро▒ி роХூро▒ிройாро░். ро╡ро░ро▓ாро▒்ро▒ிро▓் рооுродро▓் рооுро▒ைропாроХ 175 рооிро▓்ро▓ிропрой் роороХ்роХро│் ро╡ாроХ்роХுро░ிрооை рокெро▒்ро▒ройро░். 105 рооிро▓்ро▓ிропрой் ро╡ாроХ்роХро│ிрод்родுро│்ро│ройро░். ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் рокெрог்роХро│் ро╡ாроХ்роХро│ிроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ைропா роОрой்ро▒ роЪрои்родேроХрод்родை родெро░ிро╡ிрод்родாро░். роЗроЩ்роХு роЕрои்род рокродிро╡ு роЪொро▓்ро╡родை роЕрок்рокроЯிропே роЖроЩ்роХிро▓род்родிро▓் родрои்родுро│்ро│ேрой்.

The Ambassador corrected the Generalissimo by stressing that not only did women actually vote in elections, but the women voters had, if anything, shown a more progressive spirit. Dr Radhakrishnan pointed out that we had a lady governor, cabinet minister and his own predecessor in Moscow, the Generalissimo would doubtless recall, had been a lady. The elections, Dr Radhakrishnan said, had been free and fair. There was no official interference of any sort, and many ministers were defeated."

роЗроЩ்роХு ро╕்роЯாро▓ிройுроХ்роХு роЗро░ுрои்род родро╡ро▒ாрой роОрог்рогрод்родை роЯாроХ்роЯро░் роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой் роЪро░ி роЪெроп்родродைроХ் роХாрогро▓ாроо். рокெрог்роХро│் ро╡ாроХ்роХро│ிрод்родродு роороЯ்роЯுрооிрой்ро▒ி роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роХро╡ро░்ройро░், роЕрооைроЪ்роЪро░் роОрой்роХிро▒ рокродро╡ிроХро│ிро▓் роЗро░ுрок்рокродைропுроо் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░். родройроХ்роХு рооுрой்ройро░் роЪோро╡ிропрод் родூродро░ாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родро╡ро░ே рокெрог் роОрой்рокродைропுроо் роиிройைро╡ூроЯ்роЯுроХிро▒ாро░். роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ேро▒ு ропாро░ுрооро▓்ро▓, роиேро░ுро╡ிрой் роЪроХோродро░ி ро╡ிроЬропро▓ро╖்рооி рокрог்роЯிроЯ்родாрой். ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЕро╡ро░ை роЪрои்родிроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்рокродு ро╡ேро▒ு роЪெроп்родி.

роЗрои்родிропாро╡ுроо் рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡ роЪுро░рог்роЯро▓ுроХ்роХு роОродிро░ாроХро╡ே роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роЖройாро▓் роЕрооைродி ро╡ро┤ிропிро▓் рокாро░ாро│ுроорой்ро▒ ро╡ро┤ிроХро│ிро▓் роЕродை роЪெроп்роп ро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроХிро▒ோроо் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் роЗро░ாродроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой்.

ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЗродро▒்роХு роЕро│ிрод்род рокродிро▓ை роЕрои்род роЖро╡рогроо் роЗрок்рокроЯி роЪொро▓்роХிро▒родு.

To this Generalissimo said: But the exploiters will never quit- they will seriously object to quitting.

роЗродро▒்роХு роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой் роиாроЩ்роХро│் роОроЩ்роХро│் ро╡ро┤ிропிро▓் роХроЯுрооைропாроХ рооுропро▒்роЪிрок்рокோроо். роЕродிро▓் ро╡ெро▒்ро▒ிрокெро▒்ро▒ாро▓் рокிро▒ роиாроЯுроХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕродு роиро▓்ро▓ рокாроЯрооாроХ роЕрооைропுроо் роОрой்ро▒ாро░்.

ро╡ெро│ிропுро▒ро╡ு роХொро│்роХை роОрой்ро▒ ро╡роХைропிро▓் рокெро░ுроо் роЕродிроХாро░ роиாроЯுроХро│ுроЯрой் роиாроЩ்роХро│் роиிро▒்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ுроЯрой் роЗро▓்ро▓ை. роОродு роЪро░ிропெрой роиிройைроХ்роХிро▒ோрооோ роЕродை роЪெроп்роп ро╡ிро┤ைроХிро▒ோроо் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் родூродро░்.

ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роТро░ுрооுро▒ை ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родிроп роХро░ுрод்родை роЪொро▓்ро▓ி роЕродிро▓் роЗрой்ройுроо் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЙро▒ுродிропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░ா роОрой роЗро░ாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой் роХேроЯ்роЯாро░். роЕродாро╡родு рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡роо் родрой் роЙро▒்рокрод்родி рооுро▒ைроХро│ிро▓் роЗро▓ாрокроо் роороЯ்роЯுрооே роОрой роХொро│்ро│ாро╡ிроЯ்роЯாро▓் роороХ்роХро│் ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХை роЕроЩ்роХு рооுрой்ройேро▒ро▓ாроо். роЖройாро▓் роЕродு родொроЯро░்рои்родு рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡рооாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХாродு роОрой ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் родрой் роХро░ுрод்родை ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родிропிро░ுрои்родாро░்.

 ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЗродро▒்роХு рокродிро▓ாроХ роЕрок்рокроЯி роТро░ுрооுро▒ை роЪொрой்ройேрой். роЖройாро▓் роЗро▓ாрокроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓் рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡роо் роЗро░ுроХ்роХாродே. роЗро▓ாрокроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓் рокாро╡роо் рооுродро▓ாро│ிроХро│் роОрок்рокроЯி роЗро░ுрок்рокро░். роЗро▓ாрокрод்родை роЗро┤рок்рокாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ாро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родроЩ்роХро│ைропே роЗро┤роХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОройрок்рокொро░ுро│் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой்.

роХோрооிрог்роЯро░்ройை ро╡ிроЯ்роЯродுрокோро▓் роЪோро╡ிропрод் роХோрооிрой்рокро░்роо் роОрой்рокродைропுроо்  ро╡ிроЯ்роЯுро╡ிроЯுрооெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роЕродு рооிроХрок்рокெро░ிроп роЪெропро▓ை роЪெроп்ро╡родாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой்.

роЪோро╡ிропрод் роороЯ்роЯுрооே роХோрооிрой்рокாро░்роо் роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. рокро▓роиாроЯுроХро│் роЕродிро▓் роИроЯுрокроЯ்роЯрой роОрой்ро▒ாро░் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой். роЕродுроороЯ்роЯுрооро▓்ро▓, роЗро░ு рооுро▒ைроХро│் роЕродாро╡родு рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡роо், роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪроо் роЗро░ுрок்рокродро▒்роХு роЕродு роЕро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ு роЕро╡роЪிропрооாрой роТрой்ро▒ро▓்ро▓ роОройро╡ுроо் роХூро▒ிройாро░்.

роЕроп்роиா роХрооிро╖рой் роХுро▒ிрод்род роХேро│்ро╡ிроХ்роХு роиாрой்роХு роиாроЯுроХро│் родாрой் роЕродிроХாро░роо் роХொрог்роЯро╡ைропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிрой்ро▒рой роОрой ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЪொрой்ройாро░். роХொро░ிропா роХுро▒ிрод்род роХேро│்ро╡ிроХ்роХு роиிропூроЯ்ро░ро▓் роХрооிро╖рой் роОрой்рокродை родாрой் роЗрой்ройுроо் роиிро░ாроХро░ிроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ாро░்.

роЕроЯுрод்родு роЗрои்родிроп роЕро░роЪாроЩ்роХроо் , роиேро░ு роХுро▒ிрод்родு роЪோро╡ிропрод் рокிро░родிроиிродி рокோро░்роЪெрой்роХோ роОро┤ுродிропродு рокро▒்ро▒ி ро╡ிро╡ாродроо் роЪெрой்ро▒родு. роЕро░ுроХிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்род ро╡ைро╖ிрой்ро╕்роХிропிроЯроо் роОрой்рой роХுро▒்ро▒роЪாроЯ்роЯு роОрой ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роХேроЯ்роЯாро░். роиேро░ுро╡ுроо் роЗродு роХுро▒ிрод்родு ро╡ро░ுрод்родрод்родைроЪ் роЪொрой்ройாро░் роОрой ро╡ைро╖ிрой்ро╕்роХி родெро░ிро╡ிрод்родாро░். рокிро▒роХு роЕро╡ро░ை родிро░ுроо்рок роЕро┤ைрод்родுро╡ிроЯுроЩ்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой். роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогройிроЯроо் роЕро╡ро░் роХрог்роЯிрок்рокாроХ роЕроХро▒்ро▒рок்рокроЯுро╡ாро░் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой். роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогройிроЯроо் роЪро░ிропிро▓்ро▓ை- рокிроЯிроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ாро▓் ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯைропாроХ роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроЩ்роХро│், роироЯро╡роЯிроХ்роХை роОроЯுрок்рокோроо் роОрой்ро▒ாро░்.

 роЪோро╡ிропрод்родுроЯрой் роиாроЩ்роХро│் роХроЯ்роЯро╡ிро░ுроо்рокுроо் родோро┤рооைропை роЗрои்род рооாродிро░ி рокிро░родிроиிродிроХро│் роХெроЯுрод்родுро╡ிроЯроХ்роХூроЯாродெрой்ро▒ாро░் роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой். роЕрок்рокроЯி роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│ா роОрой ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் ро╡ிройா роОро┤ுрок்рокிройாро░். рокோро░்роЪெрой்роХோ рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооாро╕்роХோ ро╡ாройொро▓ிропிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ாро░் роЗро░ாродாроХிро░ுро╖்рогрой். ро╡ைро╖ிрой்ро╕்роХி роЕро╡ро░ை роЙроЯрой் родிро░ுроо்рок роЕро┤ைропுроЩ்роХро│் роОрой рооро▒ுрокроЯிропுроо் ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் роЪொрой்ройாро░்.

 рооேро▓ுроо் роЬெройро░ро▓ிроЪрооோ ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் родொроЯро░்рои்родு рокேроЪிройாро░். роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХா рокிро░ிроЯ்роЯிро╖்роХாро░ро░்роХро│் рокோро▓் роЕро▓்ро▓ роиாроЩ்роХро│். роЖроЪிропро░்роХро│ை роЪроорооாроХ рокாро╡ிроХ்роХிро▒ோроо். роЕродрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓ேропே роОроЩ்роХро│் роХொро│்роХைроХро│ை роЕрооைроХ்роХிро▒ோроо். роиீроЩ்роХро│ுроо், роиேро░ுро╡ுроо் роОроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОродிро░ிроХро│் роОрой роиாроЩ்роХро│் роХро░ுродро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роЗрои்род роХро░ுрод்родுроХ்роХро│ை роЬெройро░ро▓ிроЪрооோ рооிроХ роиிро▒ுрод்родி роиிродாройрооாроХ  роЪொрой்ройாро░்.

роЗро░ுро╡ро░ுроо் ро╡ாро┤்род்родுроХ்роХро│ை рокро░ிрооாро▒ிроХ்роХொрог்роЯройро░். роиாроЯு родிро░ுроо்рокுро╡родро▒்роХாрой роиро▓்ро╡ாро┤்род்родுроХро│ை ро╕்роЯாро▓ிрой் родெро░ிро╡ிрод்родрокிрой் роЪрои்родிрок்рокு рооுроЯிрои்родродு.

 

роЖродாро░роо்: роЯிроЬிроЯ்роЯро▓் роЖро░்роХைро╡் ро╡ிро▓்роЪрой் роЪெрог்роЯро░்..роЖро╡рогроо்  119265

 

16-10-2022

 

Monday, October 10, 2022

роЪோро┤ро░் роЪро░ிрод்родிро░роо்

 

роироЯுроХ்роХாро╡ேро░ி рооு. ро╡ேроЩ்роХроЯроЪாрооி роиாроЯ்роЯாро░் роОро┤ுродிроп (1928) роЪோро┤ро░் роЪро░ிрод்родிро░роо் роХுро▒ிрок்рокிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு.. (рокிро╖рок் ро╣ீрокро░் родро▓ைрооை родрооிро┤ாроЪிро░ிропро░ாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родрокோродு)



рокро┤роЩ்роХுроЯி роОрой்рокродро▒்роХு рокро░ிрооேро▓ро┤роХро░் родрои்род роЙро░ை :

роЪேро░ роЪோро┤ рокாрог்роЯிропா роОрой்ро▒ாро▒்рокோро▓рок் рокроЯைрок்рокுроХ்роХாро▓рои் родொроЯроЩ்роХி рооேроо்рокроЯ்роЯுро╡ро░ுроЩ்роХுроЯிроОрой்рокродாроо்.

роЪூро░ிроп роЪрои்родிро░ роХுро▓роХ் роХро▒்рокройை ро╡роЯроиாроЯ்роЯро░роЪро░ிроЯрооுроо், родрооிро┤் роиாроЯ்роЯро░роЪро░ிроЯрооுроо் роТро░ு рокெро▒ро▒ைроп роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роЗродு рооுродро▓ிро▓் роОроЩ்роХே родோрой்ро▒ிропродு роОрой்рокродு роЕроп்ропрок்рокாроЯே. ро╡роЯрооொро┤ிрок் рокுро░ாрог роЗродிроХாроЪроЩ்роХро│ிро▒் роЪிро▓, ро╡роЯро╡ро░роЪро░ைропுроо் родрооிро┤் роорой்ройро░ைропுроо் роЪேро░்род்родு рокிрогைрок்рокройро╡ாроХро╡ுро│்ро│рой.

рокாро░род роЕро░ி ро╡рооிроЪроо் рокிрой்ро╡ро░ுро╡ாро▒ு роХூро▒ுроХிро▒родு:

родிро░ுрооாро▓் роЙрои்родிропிро▓் рокிро░роорой், рокிро░роорой் роороХрой் роЕрод்родிро░ி, роЕрод்родிро░ிроХ்роХு роЪрои்родிро░рой், роЪрои்родிро░ройுроХ்роХு рокுродрой், рокுродройுроХ்роХு рокுро░ூро░ро╡рой், рокுро░ூро░ро╡ройுроХ்роХு роЖропு рооுродро▓ாройро╡ро░், роЖропுро╡ிро▒்роХு роироХுроЯрой் рооுродро▓ாройро╡ро░், роироХுроЯрой் роороХ்роХро│் ропродி, ропропாродி, роЪрооропாродி, роЖропாродி, роЙрод்родроорой் роЖроХிроп роРро╡ро░். ропропாродிроХ்роХு ропродு, родுро░ுро╡роЪு, родுро░ுроХிропрой, роЕрогு, рокூро░ு роОрой роРро╡ро░், родுро░ுро╡роЪுроХ்роХு ро╡рой்ройி, ро╡рой்ройிроХ்роХு роХோрокாроиு, роХோрокாроиுроХ்роХு родிро░ைроЪாроиு, родிро░ைроЪாроиுроХ்роХு роХாрои்родроорой், роХாрои்родрооройுроХ்роХு рооро░ுрод்родрой், рооро░ுрод்родройுроХ்роХு родрод்родாроХ рокூро░ுрооро░рокிро▓் ро╡рои்род родுроЯ்роЯிропроиродрой், родுроЯ்роЯிроп роиродройுроХ்роХு роХро░ுрод்родாроорой், роХро░ுрод்родாрооройுроХ்роХு роЖроХ்роХிро░ீроЯрой், роЖроХ்роХீро░ிроЯройுроХ்роХு рокாрог்роЯிропрой், роХேро░ро│рой், роЪேро░рой், роЪோро┤рой் роороХ்роХро│்.

роЕро░ி ро╡роо்роЪрод்родிро▓் роХேро░ро│рой் ро╡ேро▒ு, роЪேро░рой் ро╡ேро▒ு роХூро▒рок்рокроЯுро╡родெрой்ройைропோ роОрой  рои рооு ро╡ே ро╡ிройро╡ுро╡ாро░். роЗрои்роиூро▓்рокроЯி родрооிро┤ро░роЪро░் роЪрои்родிро░роХுро▓род்родро╡ро░ாродро▓் ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо். роЖройாро▓் роХро▓ிроЩ்роХрод்родுрок்рокро░рогி, ро╡ிроХ்роХிро░роо роЪோро┤ройுро▓ா, роорогிрооேроХро▓ை роЪூро░ிропроХுро▓род்родро╡ро░ாроХ рокேроЪுроХிро▒родு. роОройро╡ே роЕро░ிро╡рооிроЪ роХродை роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроо் роЪрои்родிро░ ро╡роо்роЪроо் рокிро▒்роХாро▓ роХро▒்рокிродрооாроХிро▒родு.

роХро▓ிроЩ்роХрод்родுрок்рокро░рогி рокேроЪிроп ро╡ро┤ிрооுро▒ை:

родிро░ுрооாро▓், рокிро░роорой், рооро░ீроЪி, роХாроЪிрокрой், роХுро░ிропрой், рооройு, роЗроХ்роХுро╡ாроХு, рокுро░рои்родро░ ро╡ாроХрой роХроХுро╕்родрой், рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой், роЪிрокி, роЪோро┤роорог்роЯро▓роо் роЕрооைрод்род роЪுро░ாродிро░ாроЪрой், роЗро░ாроЪроХேроЪро░ி, рокро░роХேроЪро░ி, роХாрои்родрой், ро╡ாродро░ாроЪрой், роЪெроЩ்роХрогாрой், роХро░ிроХாро▓рой், роЕрокропрой் роОройрок் рокோроХிро▒родு. ро╡ிроХ்роХிро░роо роЪோро┤ро╡ுро▓ாро╡ுроо் роЗродு рокோрой்ро▒ே роЪிро▒்роЪிро▓ ро╡ேро▒ுрокாроЯுроХро│ுроЯрой் роХூро▒ுроХிро▒родு.

роХோрокிроиாродро░ாро╡் роОро┤ுродிропродிро▓் роЪூро░ிропро╡роо்роЪроо், рокெро│ро░ாрогிроХ ро╡ро┤ி роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு. ро╡ைроЪ்роЪுродрооройு, роЗро╖்ро╡ாроХு, рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой், ро╡ро▓்ро▓рокрой், роЪிрокி, роЪோро│рой், роЗро░ாроЪроХேроЪро░ி, рокро░роХேроЪро░ி, роЗро░ாроЬேрои்родிро░рооிро░ுродроЬிрод், ро╡ிропாроХ்роХிро░роХேродு, роОрой роЕроЯுроХ்роХுро╡ாро░்.

рокாроХро╡родрок்рокроЯி рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой் рооாроиродாродாро╡ிрой் роороХрой். роЕрои்род ро╡ро┤ிропிро▓் роЕро░ிроЪ்роЪрои்родிро░рой், рокроХீро░родрой், ро░роХு, родроЪро░родрой், роЗро░ாроорой் , роЕроо்рокро░ீроЯрой் родோрой்ро▒ிройро░் роОрой்роХிро▒родு рокாроХро╡родроо்.

рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой் рокро▒்ро▒ி рокро▓ро░ுроо் роЪொро▓்ро╡родாро▓் рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой் ро╡ро┤ி ро╡рои்родро╡ро░் роЪோро┤ро░் роОрой роХொро│்ро│ро▓ாроо் роОрой்роХிро▒ாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░். роЗрой்ро▒ுроо் родிро░ுро╡ாро░ூро░் рокெро░ிроп роХோропிро▓ிро▓் рооுроЪுроХுрои்род роЕро░்роЪ்роЪройை роЕроЩ்роХு ро╡ாро┤் роороХ்роХро│ை роИро░்роХ்роХроХ்роХூроЯிроп роТрой்ро▒ாроХро╡ுро│்ро│родு.

рооройு родிро░ுро╡ாро░ூро░ிро▓் роЕро░роЪு рокுро░ிрои்родро╡рой். рооройு роиீродிроЪோро┤рой் роЕройைро╡ро░ுроо் роЕро▒ிро╡ро░். роХрой்ро▒ைропிро┤рои்род рокроЪுро╡ிрой் родுропро░ை роороХройை родேро░்роХ்роХாро▓ிро▓் ро╡ைрод்родு роиிропாропроо் роЪெроп்родро╡ройாроХ роХро░ுродрок்рокроЯுрокро╡рой். рокெро░ிропрокுро░ாрогроо் роЗродைрок் рокாроЯுроХிро▒родு.

роОроЯ்роЯுрод்родொроХை, рокрод்родுрок்рокாроЯ்роЯு, родிро░ுроХ்роХுро▒ро│், роЪிро▓рок்рокродிроХாро░род்родிро▓் рооройுроиீродி, рооройுроиூро▓் роОрой ропாрог்роЯுроо் роХாрогрок்рокроЯро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. 12роЖроо் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯு роХро▓ிроЩ்роХрод்родுрок்рокро░рогி, рокெро░ிропрокுро░ாрогроо் рооுродро▓ிропройро╡ே рооройுроиீродிропெрой்ройுроо் роТрой்ро▒ைроХ்роХுро▒ிрод்родுрок் рокேроЪுроХிрой்ро▒рой. роЕродு ро╡роЯрооொро┤ிропிро▓் роОро┤ுрои்родродு роОроХ்роХாро▓род்родாропிройுроо், роТрой்рокродாроо் рокрод்родாроо் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯுроХро│ிрой் рокிрой்рокே родрооிро┤் роороХ்роХро│ுро│்ро│ுроо் рокропிро▓рок்рокроЯுро╡родாропிро▒்ро▒ெрой்ро▒ு роХро░ுродро▓ாроХுроо். роороХройை рооுро░ை роЪெроп்род роорой்ройро╡рой் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЪிро▓рок்рокродிроХாро░роо், роорогிрооேроХро▓ை рокேроЪுроХிрой்ро▒рой.

рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой் рокро▒்ро▒ி роХрои்род рокுро░ாрогроЩ்роХро│் рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ை роОрок்рокроЯிрок் рокேроЪுроХிрой்ро▒рой роОрой்рокродை ро╡ேроЩ்роХроЯроЪாрооி роиாроЯ்роЯாро░் ро╡ிро╡ро░ிрод்родு роЪெро▓்ро╡ாро░். рооுроЪுроХுрои்родрой் родெрой்ройாроЯ்роЯு роорой்ройрой் роОрой்рокродை роиாроЯ்роЯாро░் роПро▒்рокாро░். роиாро│роЩ்роХாроЯி рокூродроо், роЪродுроХ்роХрок்рокூродроо் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЪொро▓்ро╡ாро░். роороХாрокாро░родрод்родிро▓் роЪிрокி рокுро▒ாро╡ைроХ்роХாроХ்роХ родрой் роЪродைропை роХொроЯுрод்род роХродை рокேроЪрок்рокроЯுро╡родாроХро╡ுроо் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░். роЪோро┤ро░்роХро│் роЪிрокி ро╡ро┤ி ро╡рои்родродாро▓் роЪெроо்рокிропро░் роОройрок்рокроЯ்роЯройро░ாроо். роЪிрокிропே роЪெроо்рокிропрой் роОрой்рокாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░். роТро░ுро╡роХைропிро▓் роХро▓ிроЩ்роХрод்родுрок்рокро░рогிропிро▓ுроо், роЪிро▓рок்рокродிроХாро░род்родிро▓ுроо் роЪிрокி роЪெроп்родி ро╡ро░ுро╡родைропுроо் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்.

 роХாрои்родрой் роОройுроо் роорой்ройрой் роХாро╡ிро░ிрок்рокூроо்рокроЯ்роЯிройрод்родை роЖрог்роЯро╡ро░். роЕроХрод்родிропро░் рооீродு рокроХ்родி роХொрог்роЯро╡ро░ாроо். роХாрои்родрой் ро╡ேрог்роЯுроХோро│ை роПро▒்ро▒ே роХроорог்роЯро▓ роХாро╡ிро░ிропை роиродிропாроХ்роХி роЪோро┤роиாроЯ்роЯை роЕроХрод்родிропро░் ро╡ро│рооுро▒ роЪெроп்род роХродைропை роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░். роЗродை роХрои்родрокுро░ாрогрооுроо் роХாроХ்роХைропாроХ ро╡ிроиாропроХро░் ро╡рои்родு роХроорог்роЯро▓род்родை роХро╡ிро┤்род்родுроХ் роХாро╡ிро░ிропை рокெро░ுроХроЪ் роЪெроп்род роХродைропாроХ роЪொро▓்роХிро▒родு.

родோроЯ்роЪெроо்рокிропрой் роорой்ройрой் роХாро╡ிро░ிрокூроо்рокроЯ்роЯிройрод்родிро▓் роЕроХрод்родிропро░் роЪொро▓்рокроЯி роЗрои்родிро░ро╡ிро┤ா роОроЯுрод்родро╡ро░ாроо். роХро░ிроХாро▓рой் рокро▒்ро▒ி рокொро░ுроиро▒்ро▒ாро▒ுрок்рокроЯை, рокроЯ்роЯிройрок்рокாро▓ை, роЕроХроиாройூро▒ு, рокுро▒роиாройூро▒ு, роЪிро▓рок்рокродிроХாро░роо், роорогிрооேроХро▓ை, рокро┤рооொро┤ி рокேроЪுроХிрой்ро▒рой.

роХро░ிроХாро▓рой் роЗро│роЮ்роЪேроЯ்роЪெрой்ройிропிрой் рокுродро▓்ро╡рой். рооாроорой் роЗро░ுроо்рокிроЯродро▓ைропро░். роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ро┤роХ்роХுро░ைроХ்роХுроо் рооாрог்рокு рокேроЪрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. ро╡ெрог்рогிро▒рок்рокро▒рои்родро▓ை роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роЗрооропрооро▓ைро╡ро░ை роЪெрой்ро▒ு рокுро▓ிроХ்роХொроЯி роиாроЯ்роЯிропро╡ро░். роиீро░்роиிро▓ை рокெро░ுроХ்роХி роиாроЯ்роЯை ро╡ро│рок்рокроЯுрод்родிропро╡ро░். рокроХைро╡ро░் ро╡ைрод்род родீропிройை роЕроЮ்роЪாродு роЕродройாро▓் роХாро▓் роХро░ிрои்родрооைропாро▓் роЕрок்рокெропро░் рокெро▒்ро▒ாро░் роОрой்ро▒ роЪெроп்родிропுроо் роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роЗро╡ро░ுроХ்роХு роХро░ிроХாро▒் рокெро░ுро╡ро│род்родாрой், родிро░ுрооாро╡ро│ро╡рой் роОрой்роХிро▒ рокெропро░்роХро│ுроо் роЙрог்роЯு. роХро░ிроХாро▓ройிрой் роЗро▓роЩ்роХை рокроЯைропெроЯுрок்рокை роороХா ро╡рооிроЪроо் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒родாроо். роЙро░ுрод்родிро░роЩ் роХрог்рогройாро░ுроХ்роХு рокродிройாро▒ு роиூро▒ாропிро░роо்рокொрой் рокро░ிроЪро│ிрод்род ро╡ро│்ро│ро▓். роЕро░ிроЪிро▓ாро▒ு, ро╡ெроЯ்роЯாро▒ு роЗро╡ро░் роХாро▓род்родிро▓் ро╡ெроЯ்роЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯро╡ைропாроо். роироХро░ роиிро░்рооாрогроЩ்роХро│் роироЯрои்родрой. роЙро▒ைропூро░் рокுродுрок்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродாроо். роХாроЮ்роЪிропுроо் родிро░ுрод்родி роЕрооைроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродாроо். родொрог்роЯைроиாроЯ்роЯை роЪீро░்рокроЯுрод்родிроп роЪிро▒рок்рокைропுроо் рокேроЪுроХிро▒ாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░். роЗро│ро╡ேройிро▒் роХாро▓род்родிро▓் 28 роиாроЯ்роХро│் роЗрои்родிро░ро╡ிро┤ாро╡ாроо்.

роХро░ிроХாро▓рой் рооро▒ைро╡ு роХிрокி рооுродро▓் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯாроп் роЗро░ுроХ்роХро▓ாроо் роОрой்рокாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░்.

роХிро│்ро│ிро╡ро│ро╡рой் роиெроЯுроЩ்роХிро│்ро│ி рооோродро▓், роиро▓роЩ்роХிро│்ро│ி роиெроЯுроЩ்роХிро│்ро│ிропை роХொрой்ро▒родுроо் роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роХிро│்ро│ி роХாро▓род்родிро▓்родாрой் роХாро╡ிро░ிрокூроо்рокроЯ்роЯிройроо் роХроЯро▓ாро▒் роХொро│்ро│рок்рокроЯ்роЯродாроо். роЕро░роЪрой் роЙро▒ைропூро░ோ роХாроЮ்роЪிропோ роЪெрой்ро▒родாроХ роорогிрооேроХро▓ை рооூро▓роо் роЕро▒ிропро▓ாроо் роОрой்роХிро▒ாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░்.

роЕроЯுрод்родு родிрод்родрой் роОройுроо் роЕро░роЪройைрок்рокро▒்ро▒ி роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░். роЕроХроиாройுро▒ு рокேроЪிроп роЕро░роЪрой். рокெро░ுроЩ்роХிро│்ро│ி роЪேро░рой் роЪெроЩ்роХுроЯ்роЯுро╡ройுроХ்роХு роЕроо்рооாрой் роороХройாроо். роиெроЯுроЩ்роХிро│்ро│ி рооைрои்родройாроо். рокிрой்ройро░் роХோрок்рокெро░ுроЮ்роЪோро┤рой் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп роХுро▒ிрок்рокுроХро│ைрод் родро░ுроХிро▒ாро░். роЕро▒ро╡ро┤ி роиிрой்ро▒ро╡ро░ாроо். рокிроЪிро░் роОройுроо் рокாрог்роЯி роиாроЯ்роЯிро▓் рокிроЪிро░ாрои்родைропாро░் рокுро▓ро╡ро░் роЗро░ுрои்родாро░். роиேро░ிро▒்роХாрогாрооро▓ே рокெро░ு роироЯ்рокு. роЙро┤ுро╡ро▓рой்рокாроо். роХோрок்рокெро░ு ро╡роЯроХ்роХிро░ுроХ்роХро╡ே рокிроЪிро░ாрои்родைропாро░் роЕроЩ்роХு ро╡рои்родு роЪேро░்рои்родройро░ாроо். роЕро╡ро░ுроо் ро╡роЯроХ்роХிро░ுрои்родройро░ாроо்.

роЪெроЩ்роХроЯ் роЪோро┤рой், роХрогைроХ்роХாро▓் роЗро░ுроо்рокொро▒ை роЪேро░рой் родொроЯро░்рокிро▓ிро░ுрои்род рокுро▓ро╡ро░் рокொроп்роХைропாро░் рокро▒்ро▒ிроп роЪெроп்родிроХро│ை роиாроЯ்роЯாро░் роЪொро▓்ро╡ாро░். роХро│ро╡ро┤ி роиாро▒்рокродு рокாроЯி роЪேро░ройை рооீроЯ்роЯродைроЪ் роЪொро▓்ро╡ாро░்.

роЪோро┤ро░்роХро│் роЕро░роЪிропро▓ுроХ்роХாроХ роЕрооைроЪ்роЪро░் роХுро┤ு, рокுро░ோроХிродро░் роХுро┤ு, родாройைрод்родро▓ைро╡ро░் роХுро┤ு, родூродுро╡ро░் роХுро┤ு, роТро▒்ро▒ро░் роХுро┤ு ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрои்родройро░். роЗродு роРроо்рокெро░ுроЩ்роХுро┤ு роОрой்ро▒ாро▓், роХройроХроЪுро▒்ро▒роо், ро╡ாропிро▓் роХாро╡ро▓ро░், роироХро░ рооாрои்родро░், рокроЯைрод்родро▓ைро╡ро░், ропாройை ро╡ீро░ро░், роХுродிро░ைро╡ீро░ро░், роХро░рогрод்родிро▓ропро░், роХро░ுрооро╡ிродிроХро│் роОрой்роХிро▒ роОрог்рокேро░ாропроо் роЗро░ுрои்родродாроо். роЙропро░் роиீродிроорой்ро▒роо் роЕро▒роЩ்роХூро▒ро╡ை роОрой்ро▒ுроо் роиீродிрокродிроХро│் родро░ுрооாроЪройрод்родாро░் роОрой்ро▒ுроо் роЕро┤ைроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯро░ாроо்.

роЪேройைрод்родро▓ைро╡ро░்роХ்роХு рокроЯ்роЯроо் роПройாродி, роЕрооைроЪ்роЪро░்- роХрогроХ்роХро░்- ро╡ேро│ாро│ро░் роОройிро▓் рокроЯ்роЯроо் роХாро╡ிродி, ро╡рогிроХро░் роОройிро▓் роОроЯ்роЯி роОрой рокроЯ்роЯроо் роХொроЯுрод்родு рокொрой் рокூро╡ைрод் родрои்родройро░ாроо். роЕро░роЪро░் рокிро▒рои்род роиாро│ிро▓் роЕро▒роЪ்роЪெропро▓்роХро│், рокுро▓ро╡ро░்роХ்роХு ро╡ேрог்роЯுро╡рой родро░ுродро▓், роЪிро▒ைропிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு ро╡ிроЯுро╡ிрок்рокு рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ை роироЯроХ்роХுрооாроо். роЕро╡ை рокெро░ுроороЩ்роХро▓роо், ро╡ெро│்ро│рогி роОрой роЪொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯுроо்.

родрооிро┤் роЖроп்ро╡ு,  родрооிро┤் роХро▓்ро╡ி, роЗропро▓், роЗроЪை, роиாроЯроХроо் рооேроо்рокроЯ்роЯрой.

роРроо்рокூродроо் роХுро▒ிрод்род роЕро▒ிро╡ு, роЙропிро░்роХро│் ро╡ிройைроХ்роХроЯ்роЯுроЯைропрой, роХроЯро╡ுро│் ро╡ிройைроХ்роХроЯ்роЯிро▓்ро▓ாродро╡ро░் роОрой்ро▒ роХро░ுрод்родு роЗро░ுрои்родродு. роХுро▒ிроЮ்роЪிроХ்роХு рооுро░ுроХрой், рооுро▓்ро▓ைроХ்роХு родிро░ுрооாро▓், рооро░ுродроо் роЗрои்родிро░рой், роиெроп்родро▓் ро╡ро░ுрогрой் роОрой родெроп்ро╡роЩ்роХро│ாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родрой. 4000 роЖрог்роЯுроХро│ுроХ்роХு рооுрой்ройро░ே роЗро╡ை роПро▒்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХро▓ாроо் роОрой்рокாро░் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░்.

 роОроЩ்роХுроо் роЪிро╡рокெро░ுрооாрой் рооுродро▓ிро▓் ро╡ைрод்родுроХ் роХூро▒рок்рокроЯுродро▓ுроо் роХாрог்роХிро▒ோроо். роЪோро┤ро░்роХро│் роЪிро╡рокெро░ுрооாройைропே рооுродро▒்роХроЯро╡ுро│ாроХроХ் роХொрог்роЯு ро╡ро┤ிрокроЯ்роЯродுроо், родிро░ுрооாро▓் рооீродுроо் рокேро░рой்рокு роХாроЯ்роЯிропродாроХро╡ுроо் роиாроЯ்роЯாро░் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░். роЪிро╡ாро▓ропрок்рокрогிроХро│் роЪெроп்родрооைропை роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░்.

роХிрокி рооுродро▓் роЗро░рог்роЯாроо் рооூрой்ро▒ாроо் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯுроХро│ிро▓ேропே роЪроорог, рокெро│род்род роородроЩ்роХро│் рокுроХாро░், роЙро▒рои்родை, роородுро░ை, ро╡роЮ்роЪி, роХாроЮ்роЪிропிро▓் ро╡ро▓ுро╡ாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родродாроХро╡ுроо் роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░். роорой்ройро░்роХро│் роироЯுро╡ுроиிро▓ைропுроЯрой் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЗроЯроо் родрои்родродாроХ роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ாро░். ро╡ேро▒ுрокроЯ்роЯ роородрод்родாро░் роЙрогро░்роЪ்роЪிропை роородிрод்родு роЗроХро┤ாродு роЗро░ுрои்родройро░் роОрой்роХிро▒ாро░்.

130 рокроХ்роХроЩ்роХро│ிрой் роЪாро░род்родை роЗрок்рокроЯி рооிроХроЪ் роЪுро░ுроХ்роХி родро░ுро╡родு роиிропாропрооро▓்ро▓ роОрой்ро▒ாро▓ுроо் роЗродுро╡ро░ை рокроЯிроХ்роХாродро╡ро░் роиூро▓ைрок் рокроЯிроХ்роХ роЗроЪ்роЪிро▒ு роХுро▒ிрок்рокுроХро│் роЙродро╡ро▓ாроо் роОрой்ро▒ роОрог்рогрод்родிро▓் роЗроЩ்роХு родро░рок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு. роиூро▓ை рокроЯிрок்рокро╡ро░் рооேро▓ுроо் рокро▓ роЪெроп்родிроХро│ைроХ் роХாрогро▓ாроо்.